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author Jonatan Werpers <jonatan@werpers.com>
date Sat, 14 Feb 2026 23:38:32 +0100
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1 # Notes
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3 ## How to dispatch for different operators
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4 We have a problem in how dispatch for different operators work.
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5 * We want to keep the types simple and flat (Awkward to forward `apply`)
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6 * We want to dispatch SATs on the parameters of the continuous operator. (a * div for example)
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7 * We want to allow keeping the same stencil_set across different calls. (maybe not so bad for the user to be responsible)
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8
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9 Could remove the current opset idea and introduce a description of continuous operators
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10 ```julia
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11 abstract type DifferentialOperator end
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12
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13 struct Laplace <: DifferentialOperator end
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14 struct Advection <: DifferentialOperator
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15 v
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16 end
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17
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18 difference_operator(::Laplace, grid, stencil_set) = ... # Returns a plain LazyTensor. Replaces the current `laplace()` function.
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19 sat_tensors(::Laplace, grid, stencil_set, bc) = ...
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20
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21 sat(::DifferentialOperator, grid, stencil_set, bc) = ...
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22 ```
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23
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24
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25 ### Update 2024-06-26
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26 We will run into trouble if we start assuming things about the coupling
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27 between the continuous and discrete setting. We could add representations of
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28 continuous operators but we will also need representations of discrete
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29 operators. Ideally it should be possible to ignore the continuous
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30 representations and only work with the discrete operators without losing
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31 functionality. The discrete representations does not have to be LazyTensors.
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32 The could be used as inputs to methods for `sat`, `difference_operator` and so
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33 on.
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34
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35 To see need for a fully functional discrete layer we can consider the
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36 optimization of material parameters or something similar. In this case we do
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37 not necessarily want to handle continuous objects.
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38
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39 ## Reading operators
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40
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41 Jonatan's suggestion is to add methods to `Laplace`, `SecondDerivative` and
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42 similar functions that take in a filename from which to read stencils. These
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43 methods encode how to use the structure in a file to build the particular
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44 operator. The filename should be a keyword argument and could have a default
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45 value.
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46
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47 * This allows easy creation of operators without the user having to handle stencils.
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48 * The user can easily switch between sets of operators by changing the file stecils are read from.
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49
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50 Grids for optimized operators could be created by reading from a .toml file in
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51 a similar fashion as for the operators. The grid can then be used in a
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52 `Laplace` method which dispatches on the grid type and knows how to read the
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53 optimized operators. The method would also make sure the operators match the
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54 grid.
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55
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56 Idea: Make the current upper case methods lower case. Add types with the upper
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57 case names. These types are tensor mappings for the operator but also contain
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58 the associated operators as fields. For example:
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59
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60 ```julia
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61 L = Laplace(grid)
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62 L.H
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63 L.Hi
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64 L.e
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65 L.d
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66 L.M
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67
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68 wave = L - L.Hi∘L.e'∘L.d
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69 ```
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70
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71 These types could also contain things like borrowing and such.
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72
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73 ## Storage of operators
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74 We need to change the toml format so that it is easier to store several
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75 operator with different kinds of differentiations. For example there could be
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76 several operators of the same order but with different number of boundary
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77 points or different choice of boundary stencils.
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78
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79 Properties that differentiate operators should for this reason be stored in
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80 variables and not be section or table names.
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81
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82 Operators/sets of stencils should be stored in an [array of tables](https://toml.io/en/v1.0.0-rc.3#array-of-tables).
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83
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84 We should formalize the format and write simple and general access methods for
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85 getting operators/sets of stencils from the file. They should support a simple
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86 way to filter based on values of variables. There filters could possibly be
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87 implemented through keyword arguments that are sent through all the layers of
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88 operator creation.
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89
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90 * Remove order as a table name and put it as a variable.
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91
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92 ### Parsing of stencil sets
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93 At the moment the only parsing that can be done at the top level is conversion
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94 from the toml file to a dict of strings. This forces the user to dig through
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95 the dictionary and apply the correct parsing methods for the different parts,
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96 e.g. `parse_stencil` or `parse_tuple`. While very flexible there is a tight
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97 coupling between what is written in the file and what code is run to make data
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98 in the file usable. While this coupling is hard to avoid it should be made
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99 explicit. This could be done by putting a reference to a parsing function in
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100 the operator-storage format or somehow specifying the type of each object.
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101 This mechanism should be extensible without changing the package. Perhaps
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102 there could be a way to register parsing functions or object types for the
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103 toml.
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104
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105 If possible the goal should be for the parsing to get all the way to the
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106 stencils so that a user calls `read_stencil_set` and gets a
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107 dictionary-structure containing stencils, tuples, scalars and other types
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108 ready for input to the methods creating the operators.
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109
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110 ## Pretty printing
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111 From the documentation of `show` it seems that the correct way to setup
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112 printing of instances is to let `show(x)` print valid julia code for creating
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113 the instance if possible. With a specified MIME type
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114 `show(::IO, ::MIME"text/plain", x)` should print a human readable, possible
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115 more verbose version. Compare to what the standard library does for regular
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116 vectors.
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117
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118 ## Known size of range and domain?
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119 Is there any reason to use a trait to differentiate between fixed size and unknown size?
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120
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121 When do we need to know the size of the range and domain?
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122 * When indexing to provide boundschecking?
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123 * When doing specialised computations for different parts of the range/domain?
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124 * More?
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125
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126 Maybe if we should have dynamic sizing it could be only for the range. `domain_size` would not be implemented. And the `range_size` would be a function of a vector that the LazyTensor is applied to.
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127
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128 ## Reasearch and thinking
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129 - [ ] Check how the native julia doc generator works
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130 - [ ] Check if Vidars design docs fit in there
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131 - [ ] Create a macro @lazy which replaces a binary op (+,-) by its lazy equivalent? Would be a neat way to indicate which evaluations are lazy without cluttering/confusing with special characters.
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132 - [ ] Can we have a trait to tell if a LazyTensor is transposable?
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134 ## Regions and tensormappings
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135 - [ ] Use a trait to indicate if a LazyTensor uses indices with regions.
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136 The default should be that they do NOT.
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137 - [ ] What to name this trait? Can we call it IndexStyle but not export it to avoid conflicts with Base.IndexStyle?
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138 - [ ] Figure out repeated application of regioned LazyTensors. Maybe an instance of a tensor mapping needs to know the exact size of the range and domain for this to work?
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139
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140 ### Ideas for information sharing functions
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141 ```julia
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142 using StaticArrays
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143
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144 function regions(op::SecondDerivativeVariable)
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145 t = ntuple(i->(Interior(),),range_dim(op))
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146 return Base.setindex(t, (Lower(), Interior(), Upper()), derivative_direction(op))
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147 end
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148
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149 function regionsizes(op::SecondDerivativeVariable)
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150 sz = tuple.(range_size(op))
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151
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152 cl = closuresize(op)
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153 return Base.setindex(sz, (cl, n-2cl, cl), derivative_direction(op))
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154 end
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155
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156
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157 g = EquidistantGrid((11,9), (0.,0.), (10.,8.)) # h = 1
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158 c = evalOn(g, (x,y)->x+y)
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159
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160 D₂ᶜ = SecondDerivativeVariable(g, c, interior_stencil, closure_stencils,1)
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161 @test regions(D₂ᶜ) == (
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162 (Lower(), Interior(), Upper()),
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163 (Interior(),),
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164 )
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165 @test regionsizes(D₂ᶜ) == ((1,9,1),(9,))
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166
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167
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168 D₂ᶜ = SecondDerivativeVariable(g, c, interior_stencil, closure_stencils,2)
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169 @test regions(D₂ᶜ) == (
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170 (Interior(),),
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171 (Lower(), Interior(), Upper()),
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172 )
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173 @test regionsizes(D₂ᶜ) == ((11,),(1,7,1))
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174 ```
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175
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176
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177 ## Boundschecking and dimension checking
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178 Does it make sense to have boundschecking only in getindex methods?
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179 This would mean no bounds checking in applys, however any indexing that they do would be boundschecked. The only loss would be readability of errors. But users aren't really supposed to call apply directly anyway.
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180
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181 Preferably dimensions and sizes should be checked when lazy objects are created, for example TensorApplication, TensorComposition and so on. If dimension checks decreases performance we can make them skippable later.
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182
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183 ## Changes to `eval_on`
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184 There are reasons to replace `eval_on` with regular `map` from Base, and
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185 implement a kind of lazy map perhaps `lmap` that work on indexable
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186 collections.
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187
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188 The benefit of doing this is that we can treat grids as gridfunctions for the
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189 coordinate function, and get a more flexible tool. For example `map`/`lmap`
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190 can then be used both to evaluate a function on the grid but also get a
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191 component of a vector valued grid function or similar.
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192
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193 Below is a partial implementation of `lmap` with some ideas
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194 ```julia
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195 struct LazyMapping{T,IT,F}
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196 f::F
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197 indexable_iterator::IT # ___
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198 end
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199
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200 function LazyMapping(f,I)
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201 IT = eltype(I)
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202 T = f(zero(T))
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203 F = typeof(f)
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204
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205 return LazyMapping{T,IT,F}(f,I)
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206 end
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207
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208 getindex(lm::LazyMapping, I...) = lm.f(lm.I[I...])
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209 # indexabl interface
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210 # iterable has shape
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211
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212 iterate(lm::LazyMapping) = _lazy_mapping_iterate(lm, iterate(lm.I))
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213 iterate(lm::LazyMapping, state) = _lazy_mapping_iterate(lm, iterate(lm.I, state))
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214
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215 _lazy_mapping_iterate(lm, ::Nothing) = nothing
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216 _lazy_mapping_iterate(lm, (next, state)) = lm.f(next), state
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217
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218 lmap(f, I) = LazyIndexableMap(f,I)
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219 ```
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220
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221 The interaction of the map methods with the probable design of multiblock
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222 functions involving nested indecies complicate the picture slightly. It's
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223 unclear at the time of writing how this would work with `Base.map`. Perhaps we
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224 want to implement our own versions of both eager and lazy map.
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225
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226
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227 ### 2024-04
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228 MappedArrays.jl provides a simple array type and function like the description
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229 of LazyMapping above. One option is to remove `eval_on` completely and rely on
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230 destructuring arguments if handling the function input as a vector is
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231 undesirable.
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232
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233 If we can let multi-block grids be iterators over grid points we could even
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234 handle those by specialized implementation of `map` and `mappedarray`.
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235
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236 ## Multiblock implementation
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237 We want multiblock things to work very similarly to regular one block things.
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238
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239 ### Grid functions
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240 Should probably support a nested indexing so that we first have an index for
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241 subgrid and then an index for nodes on that grid. E.g `g[1,2][2,3]` or
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242 `g[3][43,21]`.
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243
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244 We could also possibly provide a combined indexing style `g[1,2,3,4]` where
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245 the first group of indices are for the subgrid and the remaining are for the
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246 nodes.
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247
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248 We should make sure the underlying buffer for grid functions are continuously
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249 stored and are easy to convert to, so that interaction with for example
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250 DifferentialEquations is simple and without much boilerplate.
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251
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252 #### `map` and `collect` and nested indexing
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253 We need to make sure `collect`, `map` and a potential lazy map work correctly
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254 through the nested indexing. Also see notes on `eval_on` above.
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255
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256 Possibly this can be achieved by providing special nested indexing but not
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257 adhering to an array interface at the top level, instead being implemented as
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258 an iterator over the grid points. A custom trait can let map and other methods
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259 know the shape (or structure) of the nesting so that they can efficiently
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260 allocate result arrays.
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261
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262 ### Tensor applications
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263 Should behave as grid functions
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264
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265 ### LazyTensors
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266 Could be built as a tuple or array of LazyTensors for each grid with a simple apply function.
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267
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268 Nested indexing for these is problably not needed unless it simplifies their own implementation.
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269
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270 Possibly useful to provide a simple type that doesn't know about connections between the grids. Antother type can include knowledge of the.
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271
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272 We have at least two option for how to implement them:
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273 * Matrix of LazyTensors
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274 * Looking at the grid and determining what the apply should do.
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275
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276 ### Overall design implications of nested indices
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277 If some grids accept nested indexing there might be a clash with how LazyArrays work. It would be nice if the grid functions and lazy arrays that actually are arrays can be AbstractArray and things can be relaxed for nested index types.
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278
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279 ## Vector valued grid functions
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280
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281 ### Test-applikationer
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282 div- och grad-operationer
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283
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284 Enligt Wikipedia verkar det som att `∇⋅` agerar på första dimensionen av ett tensorfält och `div()` på sista.
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285 Om man generaliserar kanske `∇` i så fall bara lägger till en dimension i början.
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286
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287 Kan vi implementera `⋅`(\cdot) så att de fungerar som man vill för både tensor-fält och tensor-operatorer?
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288
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289 Är `∇` ett tensor-fält av tensor-operatorer? Vad är ett tensor-fält i vår kod? Är det en special-fall av en tensor-mapping?
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290
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291 ### Grid-funktionen
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292 Grid-funktioner har typen `AbstractArray{T,2} where T`.
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293 `T` kan vara lite vad som helst, tillexemel en SVector eller Array, eller Tuple. Tensoroperatorerna bryr sig inte om exakt vad det är, mer än att typen måste stödja de operationer som operatorn använder.
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294
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295 ### Tensor operatorer
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296 Vi kan ha tensor-operatorer som agerar på ett skalärt fält och ger ett vektorfält eller tensorfält.
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297 Vi kan också ha tensor-operatorer som agerar på ett vektorfält eller tensorfält och ger ett skalärt fält.
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298
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299 TBD: Just nu gör `apply_transpose` antagandet att domän-typen är samma som range-typen. Det behöver vi på något sätt bryta. Ett alternativ är låta en LazyTensor ha `T_domain` och `T_range` istället för bara `T`. Känns dock lite grötigt. Ett annat alternativ skulle vara någon typ av trait för transpose? Den skulle kunna innehålla typen som transponatet agerar på? Vet inte om det fungerar dock.
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300
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301 TBD: Vad är målet med `T`-parametern för en LazyTensor? Om vi vill kunna applicera en difference operator på vad som helst kan man inte anta att en `LazyTensor{T}` bara agerar på instanser av `T`.
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302
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303 Man kan implementera `∇` som en tensormapping som agerar på T och returnerar `StaticVector{N,T} where N`.
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304 (Man skulle eventuellt också kunna låta den agera på `StaticMatrix{N,T,D} where N` och returnera `StaticMatrix{M,T,D+1}`. Frågan är om man vinner något på det...)
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305
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306 Skulle kunna ha en funktion `range_type(::LazyTensor, ::Type{domain_type})`
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307
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308 Kanske kan man implementera `⋅(tm::LazyTensor{R,D}, v::AbstractArray{T,D})` där T är en AbstractArray, tm på något sätt har komponenter, lika många som T har element.
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309
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310 ### Prestanda-aspekter
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311 [Vidar, Discord, 2023-03-03]
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312 Typiskt sett finns det två sätt att representera vektorvärda gridfunktioner AbstractArray{T,Dim} där T är en vektor över komponenterna. Man skulle alltså i 1D ha
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313 u = [ [u1[x1], u2[x1]] , [u1[x2], u2[x2]], ... [u1[xN], u2[xN]]]. Detta brukar kallas array of structs (AoS). Alternativet är struct of arrays (SoA), där man har alla gridpunkter för en given komponent u = [[u1[x1], u1[x2]],... u1[xN]], [u2[x1], u2[x2], ... u2[xN]]].
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314
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315 Personligen tycker jag att AoS känns som den mer naturliga representationen? Det skulle göra det enklarare att parallelisera en vektorvärd gridfunktion över gridpunkterna, och om man opererar på olika komponenter i samma funktion så är det också bra ur en minnesaccess-synpunkt då dessa kommer ligga nära vandra i minnet. Problemet är att AoS sabbar vektorisering på CPU då två gridpunkter i en komponent ligger långt bort från varandra. Efter lite eftersökningar (och efter att snackat lite med Ossian) så verkar det ändå som att AoS är dåligt på GPU, där man vill att trådar typiskt sett utföra samma operation på närliggande minne.
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316
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317 Vad tänker du kring detta ur ett interface-perspektiv? Jag hittade paketet https://github.com/JuliaArrays/StructArrays.jl som verkar erbjuda AoS-interface men SoA-minneslayout så det kanske kan vara något vi kan använda? Inte native-stödd på samma sätt som SVector, men verkar iaf utvecklas aktivt.
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318
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319 [Efter telefonsamtal] För optimal prestanda behöver vi antagligen se till att man kan räkna ut varje komponent i en punkt individuellt. Detta så att man har frihet att till exempel låta den innersta loopen hålla komponentindexet konstant för att underlätta intruktionsvektorisering.
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320
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321
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322 [Vidare tankar]
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323 * Det borde bara vara output-gridfunktionen som behöver special-indexeras? Det viktiga på inputsidan är att den är lagrad på rätt sätt i minnet.
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324 * Det borde inte vara några problem att behålla det "optimala" interfacet (gf[1,1,1][2]) till gridfunktionerna. Om man verkligen behöver kan skapa parallella indexeringsmetoder som gör det man behöver, i.e, "deep indexing".
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325 * Det är inte säkert att vi behöver göra något speciellt på outputsidan överhuvudtaget. Det känns inte orimligt att kompilatorn skulle kunna optimera bort den koden som räknar ut onödiga komponenter.
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326 * Om vi behöver special-indexering kommer till exempel LazyTensorApplication att behöva implementera det.
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327 * För att komma vidare med något mer avancerat behöver vi antagligen implementera några operatorer som ger och agerar på vektorvärda funktioner. Tex grad, elastiska operatorn, andra?
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328
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329
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330 ## Performance measuring
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331 We should be measuring performance early. How does our effective cpu and memory bandwidth utilization compare to peak performance?
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332
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333 We should make these test simple to run for any solver.
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334
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335 See [this talk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPsfZUqI4_0) for some simple ideas for defining effecive memory usage and some comparison with peak performance.
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336
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337
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338 ## Adjoint as a trait on the sbp_operator level?
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339
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340 It would be nice to have a way of refering to adjoints with resepct to the sbp-inner-product.
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341 If it was possible you could reduce the number of times you have to deal with the inner product matrix.
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342
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343 Since the LazyOperators package is sort of implementing matrix-free matrices there is no concept of inner products there at the moment. It seems to complicate large parts of the package if this was included there.
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344
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345 A different approach would be to include it as a trait for operators so that you can specify what the adjoint for that operator is.
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346
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347
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348 ## Name of the `VolumeOperator` type for constant stencils
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349 It seems that the name is too general. The name of the method `volume_operator` makes sense. It should return different types of `LazyTensor` specialized for the grid. A suggetion for a better name is `ConstantStencilVolumeOperator`
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350
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351
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352 ## Implementation of LazyOuterProduct
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353 Could the implementation of LazyOuterProduct be simplified by making it a
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354 struct containing two or more LazyTensors? (using split_tuple in a similar way
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355 as TensorGrid)
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356
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357 ## Implementation of boundary_indices for more complex grids
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358 To represent boundaries of for example tet-elements we can use a type `IndexCollection` to index a grid function directly.
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359
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360 ```julia
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361 I = IndexCollection(...)
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362 v[I]
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363 ```
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364
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365 * This would impact how tensor grid works.
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366 * To make things homogenous maybe these index collections should be used for the more simple grids too.
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367 * The function `to_indices` from Base could be useful to implement for `IndexCollection`
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368
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369
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370 ## Stencil application pipeline
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371 We should make sure that `@inbounds` and `Base.@propagate_inbounds` are
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372 applied correctly throughout the stack. When testing the performance of
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373 stencil application on the bugfix/sbp_operators/stencil_return_type branch
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374 there seemed to be some strange results where such errors could be the
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375 culprit.
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376
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377
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378 ## Tiled loops and regions in apply
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379 There should be easy ways to use functionalty splitting the application of a lazy array into regions and using tiled iteration. This could make the application more efficient by reducing branching and improving cache usage in the tight loop. On commit f215ac2a5c66 and before there were some early tests regarding this in a DiffOp submodule.
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380
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381 The main ideas were:
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382 ```julia
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383 function apply_region!(D::DiffOpCartesian{2}, u::AbstractArray{T,2}, v::AbstractArray{T,2}) where T
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384 apply_region!(D, u, v, Lower, Lower)
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385 apply_region!(D, u, v, Lower, Interior)
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386 apply_region!(D, u, v, Lower, Upper)
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387 apply_region!(D, u, v, Interior, Lower)
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388 apply_region!(D, u, v, Interior, Interior)
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389 apply_region!(D, u, v, Interior, Upper)
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390 apply_region!(D, u, v, Upper, Lower)
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391 apply_region!(D, u, v, Upper, Interior)
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392 apply_region!(D, u, v, Upper, Upper)
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393 return nothing
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394 end
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395 ```
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396
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397 ```julia
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398 using TiledIteration
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399 function apply_region_tiled!(D::DiffOpCartesian{2}, u::AbstractArray{T,2}, v::AbstractArray{T,2}, r1::Type{<:Region}, r2::Type{<:Region}) where T
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400 ri = regionindices(D.grid.size, closuresize(D.op), (r1,r2))
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401 # TODO: Pass Tilesize to function
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402 for tileaxs ∈ TileIterator(axes(ri), padded_tilesize(T, (5,5), 2))
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403 for j ∈ tileaxs[2], i ∈ tileaxs[1]
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404 I = ri[i,j]
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405 u[I] = apply(D, v, (Index{r1}(I[1]), Index{r2}(I[2])))
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406 end
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407 end
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408 return nothing
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409 end
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410 ```